Humanized mouse models can mimic the human immune system, making them useful in the investigation of the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and the development of therapeutic strategies. These models bridge the gap between murine and human immunology, providing critical preclinical insights into disease mechanisms. This review comprehensively surveys the methodologies used to generate humanized mouse models of multiple systemic autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sj?gren’s syndrome, as well as of various neurological and non-neurological organ-specific autoimmune diseases. We also delineate the models’ immunological, pathological, and molecular manifestations and discuss their limitations as well as potential remedies. We advocate for the continuous refinement of these models to enhance their longevity and fidelity and emphasize the importance of humanized mouse models in clarifying the complexities of autoimmune diseases and developing targeted therapies.

Humanized mouse models can mimic the human immune system, making them useful in the investigation of the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and the development of therapeutic strategies. These models bridge the gap between murine and human immunology, providing critical preclinical insights into disease mechanisms. This review comprehensively surveys the methodologies used to generate humanized mouse models of multiple systemic autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sj?gren’s syndrome, as well as of various neurological and non-neurological organ-specific autoimmune diseases. We also delineate the models’ immunological, pathological, and molecular manifestations and discuss their limitations as well as potential remedies. We advocate for the continuous refinement of these models to enhance their longevity and fidelity and emphasize the importance of humanized mouse models in clarifying the complexities of autoimmune diseases and developing targeted therapies.

Humanized mouse models have emerged as indispensable platforms for investigating the pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies of autoimmune diseases, leveraging their ability to mimic the human immune system. Despite immunological disparities between mice and humans, humanized models bridge this gap, offering preclinical insights into disease mechanisms. This review comprehensively surveys the methodologies for generating humanized mouse models for a spectrum of systemic autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sj?gren's syndrome, as well as various neurological and non-neurological organ-specific autoimmune diseases. We delineate the models' immunological, pathological, and molecular manifestations, discussing their limitations and potential remedies. We advocate for the continuous refinement of these models to enhance their longevity and fidelity, emphasizing the importance of humanized mouse models in unraveling the complexities of autoimmune diseases and in the development of targeted therapies.

Humanized mouse models have emerged as indispensable platforms for investigating the pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies of autoimmune diseases, leveraging their ability to mimic the human immune system. Despite immunological disparities between mice and humans, humanized models bridge this gap, offering preclinical insights into disease mechanisms. This review comprehensively surveys the methodologies for generating humanized mouse models for a spectrum of systemic autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sj?gren's syndrome, as well as various neurological and non-neurological organ-specific autoimmune diseases. We delineate the models' immunological, pathological, and molecular manifestations, discussing their limitations and potential remedies. We advocate for the continuous refinement of these models to enhance their longevity and fidelity, emphasizing the importance of humanized mouse models in unraveling the complexities of autoimmune diseases and in the development of targeted therapies.